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论城管与摊贩矛盾的根源与对策/刘建昆

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论城管与摊贩矛盾的根源与对策
----城管VS小贩:政府与人民的经济战争

刘建昆

要研究城市管理,就不能不研究小贩。城管因为与社会底层的小商贩的对立和斗争,已经被极大的妖魔化,但是在这个喧嚣而浮躁的社会中,很少愿意有人思考其深层根源。

马克思主义的唯物史观的根本观点是:经济基础决定上层建筑。经济学对于社会科学的一个最大贡献就是,一切社会现象,几乎都可以在经济利益上找到真正的根源。经过初步思考,我认为,对于“城管VS小贩”现象,这些观点同样是完全站得住脚的。

一.“政府土地所有权”下的地租

土地所有者凭借对土地的所有权获取地租。这是马克思《资本论》关于土地资本的根本观点。马克思所研究的地租理论具有普遍意义,它揭示的是市场经济条件下地租的一般规律。对资本主义市场经济适用,对社会主义市场经济也适用。

马克思是把土地作为重要资本来研究的。社会主义的特点就是资本国有制,国家享有国有资本的所有权及其收益权。众所周知,当前中国城市的土地现状,乃是城市土地国家所有制,因此,社会主义国家作为土地所有权人,比土地私有的资本主义制度下的国家多了一个重大功能,就是获得土地增值收益和地租受益。

但是,由于缺乏合理的制度架构,政府,尤其是地方政府,直接代表国家成为土地的所有权人和收益者,而没有足够的中间环节,“国家土地所有权”变成了“地方政府土地所有权”。如此巨大和直接的利益和利润,足以把本应作为道德模范的政府,改造成唯利是图的资本家。“经营城市”理念就是在“地方政府土地所有权”模式下提出的;而这种理念的破产则证明,这种制度模式是不得民心的,是错误的和失败的。

政府代表国家行使国有土地的所有权,同样代表国家直接收取国有土地的地租。这样一来,本应超然于经济利益,为社会提供“公共服务”的政府,转而成为“理性经济人”,谋求地租利益的最大化。政府具有“双重人格”决定了,作为土地所有人和地租收取者的政府与想要不支付或者少支付地租的人民,无可避免地要发生一场无所不在的经济战争:城管VS小贩只是战场的一角;“战争”中行政权的滥用也就不可避免。

二、地租的表现形势以及政府的征收措施

由于考察是的城市国有土地,所以本文较少涉及农地。在现实中地租并不直接表现为土地租赁合同中的租金,其形式很少能一目了然,而是经常与政府的其他收入纠缠在一起。经过归纳,我将地租分成三种形态。

完全地租形态是“国有土地出让金”。此形态用地典型的是工业厂房用地和建筑开发等。值得指出的是,这种地租是计入生产经营成本,并最终附加消费者的。

半地租形态是公营地产的收益。有时候政府出于公益目的,拿出土地进行经营(日本行政法称之为“公营造物”),由于使用这些土地资本事实上是存在机会成本的,并且由于公产经营有一定收入,所以地租也或隐或现的摊入其他收入。这情形的例子有医院、学校、集贸市场用地和高速公路用地等。

无地租形态最后是纯公益的无偿用地。典型的如广场,绿化。政府为改善人民生活环境,主要靠财政投入,基本上没有收入,或者收入过于间接的用地可以归类于此。机会成本理论认为,这些用地仍然存在地租成本,只是权利人放弃了地租收入。

前面说过,政府在土地使用和地租收取方面具有“双重人格”,一方面,作为公益代表的政府,政府必须拿出一部分土地作为公用,修建例如公路、广场、绿化等公益公用设施,满足公众需求,另一方面,政府作为土地所有权人和收益人(地主),眼睁睁的看着大片土地变成公用而不能获得收益,不啻割肉之痛。政府的这种“双重身份”或者“双重人格”的冲突决定了政府的行为方式必将是矛盾的、畸形的。

小贩则是属于必须占用土地进行经营的小工商业者。为了尽量减少地租支出,他们也必然的采取一些措施,逃避地租成本,以便增加他们的纯收入。在这样的矛盾下那么我们需要探讨的是,作为地租的征收者,为了提高他的地租收入,政府将采取什么措施面对工商业者?

首先,在完全地租形态下,政府更容易控制地租价格和收取地租。“地主政府”的理想是,让所有的工商业经营者。都直接或者间接的使用完全地租形态的土地。土地和地租的资源有限性和垄断卖方市场,决定了需求越大,地租越高。同时为了获得最大收益,政府更愿意把土地开发成工业、商业用地。工业、商业用地较之农业用地和公益用地显然会使政府获得更多的级差地租。为了最大限度提高地租收入,还往往采用竞标或者拍卖的方式。

其次,为了防止半地租形态用地的低廉地租给完全地租用地的地租形成冲击,地主政府在公益用地时偷工减料。公益政府是愿意在公用设施上投入的,而地主政府则反之。例如按照公益政府的想法,如果工商业者不愿承担或者承担不起地租的情况下,为了贫苦百姓的生存和生活,政府有义务拿出一定的土地,以较少的地租负担,作为集贸市场。但是公益政府这样作,地主市政府不愿意的,二者经常出于斗争之中。可以观察到,凡是公益政府占上风的地方,公用设施都比较健全,人民和政府的摩擦就少;凡是地主政府占上风的地方,除非有其他利益驱动,政府在公益事业上偷工减料,人民与政府的摩擦就多。

第三,地主政府有强烈的经济动因将完全公益土地上的经营者赶入完全地租土地或者半地租土地。由于不愿意承担过高的地租成本,工商业者总是试图在公益用地上经营。面对这种做法,政府一方面增加了公益设施的维护成本,一方面减少了地租收入,所以无论是公益政府还是地主政府都不愿意让经营者在无地租土地上经营。因此,政府通过立法,要求经营者不店外经营,不占道经营等等,并且设立专门的处罚机构(最早是工商局,后来是城管)来执行驱赶任务。这就是城管VS小贩战争的经济根源。

三、标本兼治打造法治政府

目前,地方政府在房地产价格问题上和中央政府大唱反调,已经昭示这样的一个事实:地方政府在土地上有了独立于国家的经济利益,足以导致政令不畅,地方官员违规违法,后果十分严重。而这一切的总根源就在于国土地(资本)的所有权和收益权被地方政府控制。城管VS小贩之间的矛盾和斗争,只不过是这一问题另一个角度的结果。

治本之策,是真正切断地方政府附着于国有土地的利益,让土地资本及其收益真正国有化。土地国家所有权制度,相对于土地私有制是比较先进的所有制形式,但是,在现有经济基础下,必须有足够科学的制度,来保证上层建筑不对经济基础起到反作用。建国以来,我国仅仅是从政治意义的角度考虑国家的土地所有权制度,而具体的制度设计则付诸阙如。经过若干年的探索,我们的国有资产,在产权、经营、收益等运作上已经形成了一套相对比较成熟的制度,国有土地将来有没有可能借鉴这套制度来运作?我们认为这也许是执政者必须应该考虑的问题。

治标之策,就是要注重城市土地利用规划科学性,加强其民意色彩。以与小贩们密切相关的集贸市场问题为例,政府不能在城市规划和设计的时候脱离经济现状。现有的经济发展水平决定了,在很长一段时间里,集贸市场或者类于集贸市场这样只能支付廉价地租的经营方式将长期存在于我们的城市。这就需要政府在进行城市规划建设的时候,必须将集贸市场建设纳入总体规划,方便群众生活,尊重人民风俗。对于马路市场等占用了公益用地的经营,要适度容忍,只要没有造成重大安全隐患,没有对公共设施造成根本性的损害,政府都可以通过加大公益投入的方式给予人民一定的方便。

还要限制行政权的恣睢。长期以来,行政权过于强大,甚至立法权都要围绕行政权的运行;行政执法人员素质低下,法律意识欠缺;行政中不能做到唯法是从,而是唯从领导意志是从;对人民群众不是耐心细致的工作,而是简单粗暴。诸多原因造成当前党群关心恶化,人民政府和人民之间摩擦频繁。城管VS小贩正是反面的典型。依法行政不仅仅是一句口号,而是“执政为民”的迫切需求。

“权为民所用,利为民所谋”。这句话说得何其好啊!要能从制度上保证目标的实现,在行动上把为民政策落到实处,我们还有很长很长的路要走。

抚州市人民政府办公室关于印发抚州市专项资金管理使用情况监督检查办法的通知

江西省抚州市人民政府办公室


抚州市人民政府办公室关于印发抚州市专项资金管理使用情况监督检查办法的通知
  
抚府办发〔2009〕19号


各县(区)人民政府、金巢经济开发区管委会,市政府各部门:


  经市政府同意,现将《抚州市专项资金管理使用情况监督检查办法》印发给你们,请认真遵照实施。

                                              二○○九年四月二十八日



  抚州市专项资金管理使用情况监督检查办法

  第一条 为规范全市各项专项资金的管理使用,切实管好用好各类专项资金,提高专项资金使用的效益,确保国家机关及其工作人员廉洁从政,根据《中华人民共和国行政监察法》等法律法规的规定,制定本办法。

  第二条 本办法所称专项资金系指为适应经济社会发展和改革要求,完成特定工作任务或实现某一事业发展目标,由上级下达和市、县(区)两级预算安排的用于专项建设、重大项目建设的具有专门用途的资金(包括扩大内需、社保、国债、支农、教育、卫生、房改、公积金、计生、移民、民政等资金,以下简称专项资金)。

  第三条 专项资金管理使用必须坚持“统筹规划、统一分配、分级管理、及时拨付、专款专用、专户储存”的原则。专项资金的使用必须严格按照中央、省、市等资金下拨部门的管理规定执行。

  第四条 监察机关参与政府及有关部门研究分配专项资金计划和项目审定,有关单位对专项资金的管理使用实行事前、事中、事后全过程的监督检查。

  第五条 监察机关对专项资金及项目实施情况实行分级监督检查。派驻监察机构对本系统本单位专项资金使用及项目实施情况进行监督。监察机关不参与项目竣工后的验收工作。

  第六条 发改、财政及有关部门收到中央、省专项资金的计划或市政府确立的专项资金计划后,应根据工作需要及时将有关项目资金数额、用途等情况书面报送监察机关备案。

  第七条 有关职能部门应根据工作需要及时将专项资金计划分配和项目审定情况报送监察机关备案。

  第八条 专项资金项目主管部门或项目实施单位要及时将项目立项、资金使用预算报告、决算报告、项目实施工程进度、竣工验收情况报送监察机关备案。

  第九条 专项资金监管部门、专项资金项目主管部门或项目实施单位要建立健全专项资金使用监控机制,开展专项资金项目内部审计工作,将专项资金使用及项目实施情况在媒体上向社会公开并向上级主管部门报告。

  第十条 专项资金支付中,凡列入政府采购目录的支出项目,必须全部纳入政府采购范围,按政府采购管理程序办理;凡属基本建设项目,单项工程投资在50万元以上的,必须按规定采取公开招投标的方式办理;凡属中央、省下拨的建设项目、扩大内需、惠农等专项资金,要严格支付程序,减少滞留环节,保证及时、足额支付到位。

  第十一条 监察机关根据专项资金使用情况和项目实施情况,开展专项执法监察工作。各级监察机关每年要立项对一至二项专项资金进行全面监督检查,并将检查情况报告本级政府和上级监察机关。发改、财政、审计等相关部门对专项资金及其项目实施情况进行定期或不定期抽查。

  第十二条 加强对专项资金管理使用的监督检查。凡使用专项资金的部门和单位,均属监督检查对象。发改、财政、监察、审计等相关部门在实施监督检查时,有关部门和单位应积极配合,并按要求提供相关资料。

  第十三条 对专项资金的监督检查,应以资金及时到位、安全运行、专款专用、效益最大为重点,主要包括以下内容:  

  1、拨款单位或用款单位是否按有关法规规定的期限或申报资金时的计划、使用时间,及时将资金投入使用;

  2、拨款单位或用款单位是否按规定用途使用资金; 

  3、用款单位是否精打细算,节约使用资金。

  4、项目实施单位是否严格按照有关程序进行工程概算和预决算审计。

  第十四条 监察机关在监督检查过程中发现专项资金的使用存在重大问题时,要及时向上级监察机关和同级政府报告,并提出处理意见和建议。

  第十五条 对违反专项资金管理使用规定,骗取、套取、挤占、截留、滞留、挪用、贪污、私分和其他违法违纪违规使用专项资金的单位和个人,要按有关规定严肃查处,构成犯罪的,移交司法机关追究刑事责任。

  第十六条 对专项资金负有监管职责的部门和个人,因滥用职权、玩忽职守、徇私舞弊导致虚假项目、劣质项目和造成专项资金损失的,要严格追究责任,并按有关规定严肃查处,构成犯罪的,移交司法机关追究刑事责任。

  第十七条 本办法由市发改委、监察局、财政局、审计局等部门负责解释。

  第十八条 本办法从2009年5月1日起施行。



中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)

(1989年3月21日中华人民共和国国务院令第32号公布 自1989年5月1日起施行)

规定
第一条 为加强对则绘成果的管理,保证测绘成果的合理利用,提高测绘工作的经济效益和社会效益,更好地为社会主义现代化建设服务,制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所称测绘成果,是指在陆地、海洋和空间测绘完成的下列基础测绘成果和专业测绘成果:
(一)天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件;
(二)航空和航天遥感测绘底片、磁带;
(三)各种地图(包括地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图和其他有关的专题地图等);
(四)工程测量数据和图件;
(五)其他有关地理数据;
(六)与测绘成果直接有关的技术资料等。
第三条 国务院测绘行政主管部门主管全国测绘成果的管理和监督工作,并负责组织全国基础测绘成果及其有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门主管本行政区域内测绘成果的管理和监督工作,并负责组织本行政区域内基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
国务院有关部门和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府有关部门负责本部门专业测绘成果的管理工作。
军队测绘主管部门负责军事部门测绘成果的管理工作。
第四条 测绘成果应当实行科学管理,建立健全规章制度,运用现代科学技术手段,及时、准确、安全、方便地提供使用。
第五条 测绘成果应当根据公开(公开使用、公开出版)和未公开(内部使用、保密)的不同性质,按照国家有关规定进行管理。
第六条 基础测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密,经国务院测绘行政主管部门会同军队测绘主管部门商国家及军队保密主管部门决定后,由国务院测绘行政主管部门发布。
专业测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密,由有关专业测绘成果管理部门确定,并报同级测绘行政主管部门备案;其密级不得低于原使用的地理底图和其他基础测绘成果的密级。
各部门、各单位使用保密测绘成果,必须按照国家保密法规进行管理。保密测绘成果确需公开使用的,必须按照国家规定进行解密处理。
保密测绘成果的销毁,应当经测绘成果使用单位的县级以上主管部门负责人批准,严格进行登记、造册和监销,并向提供该成果的管理机构备案。
第七条 国务院有关部门和地方有关部门完成的基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果,必须依照规定按年度分别向国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门汇交下列成果目录或者副本:
(一)天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件的目录及副本(一式一份);
(二)航空、航天遥感测绘底片和磁带的目录(一式一份);
(三)地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图、其他重要专题地图的目录(一式一份);
(四)正式印制的各种地图(一式两份);
(五)有关重大工程测量的数据和图件目录(一式一份)。
第八条 外国人经中华人民共和国政府或者其授权部门批准,在中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内单独测绘或者与中华人民共和国有关部门合作测绘的成果,依据本规定进行管理,其成果的所有权属分别为:
(一)外国人或者外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境内测制的测绘成果,均属中华人民共和国所有;
(二)外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果,应当在不违反本规定的前提下,由双方按合同规定分享;
(三)外国人在中华人民共各国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果,必须向中华人民共和国测绘行政主管部门提供全部测绘成果的副本或者复制件。
第九条 需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市的基础测绘成果的单位,必须持本省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门的公函,向该成果所在省、自治区、直辖市的测绘行政主管部门办理使用手续。
需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市专业测绘成果的单位,按专业成果所属部门规定的办法执行。
第十条 军事部门需要使用政府部门测绘成果的,由总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门,通过国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门统一办理。
政府部门或者单位需要使用军事部门测绘成果的,由国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门,通过总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门统一办理。
第十一条 测绘行政主管部门应当对本行政区域内测制的测绘成果负责质量监督管理。
各有关部门和单位测制的测绘成果,必须经过检查验收,质量合格后方能提供使用。
第十二条 测绘成果实行有偿提供。有偿提供测绘成果的办法和收费标准由国务院测绘行政主管部门商有关测绘成果的管理部门后,会同国务院物价行政主管部门另行规定。
第十三条 测绘成果不得擅自复制、转让或者转借。确需复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的,必须经提供该测绘成果的部门批准;复制保密的测绘成果,还必须按照原密级管理。
受委托完成的测绘成果,受托单位未经委托单位同意不得复制、翻印、转让、出版。
第十四条 国务院有关部门对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果,必须报经国务院测绘行政主管部门批准。地方有关部门和单位对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果,必须报经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门批准。为了确保重要军事设施的安全保密,各送
审单位对外提供未公开的测绘成果的具体办法,按国务院的有关规定执行。
第十五条 中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内的重要地理数据(包括位置、高程、深度、面积、长度等),应当经国务院测绘行政主管部门审核报国务院批准后,由国务院或者其授权部门发布。
第十六条 对测绘成果管理做出重大贡献或者显著成绩的单位和个人,予以表扬或者奖励。
第十七条 测绘成果质量不合格给用户造成损失的,由该测绘成果的测绘单位赔偿直接经济损失,并负责补测或者重测;情节严重的,由测绘行政主管部门处以罚款或者取消其相应的测绘资格。
第十八条 有下列行为之一的单位,按以下规定,给予行政处罚:
(一)对违反国家规定的测绘成果收费标准,擅自提价收取测绘成果费用的,依照《中华人民共和国价格管理条例》的规定没收其非法所得,可以并处相当于非法所得金额三至五倍的罚款;
(二)对发生重大测绘成果泄密事故的,由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评,并按本规定第十九条规定追究单位负责人的责任。
(三)对未经提供测绘成果的部门批准,擅自复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的,由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评,可以并处罚款。
第十九条 有下列行为之一的个人,由其所在单位或者该单位的上级主管机关给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任:
(一)丢失保密测绘成果,或者造成测绘成果泄密事故的;
(二)未按本规定第十四条规定履行报批手续,擅自对外提供未公开的测绘成果的;
(三)测绘成果管理人员不履行职责,致使测绘成果遭受重大损失,或者擅自提供未公开的测绘成果的;
(四)测绘成果丢失或者泄密造成严重后果以及对造成测绘成果丢失或者泄密事故不查处的单位负责人。
第二十条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的,可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内,向作出处罚决定部门的上级行政主管部门申请复议;对复议决定不服的,可以在接到复议决定次日起十五日内,向人民法院起诉;当事人也可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内,直接向人民法院起诉,期满不起诉又不执行的,由作出处罚决定的行政主管部门申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十一条 省、自治区、直辖市人民政府,国务院有关部门和军队,可以依照本规定结合实际制定实施办法。
第二十二条 本规定由国务院测绘行政主管部门负责解释。
第二十三条 本规定自1989年5月1日起施行。

PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-
MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING
(Promulgated by Decree No. 32 of the State Council of the People's
Republic of China on March 21, 1989 and effective as of May 1, 1989)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated with a view to strengthening the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing, ensuring the
rational use of achievements in survey and drawing, and increasing the
economic and social benefits of survey and drawing so as to render a
better service in socialist modernization.
Article 2
The "achievements in survey and drawing", as mentioned in these
Provisions, refer to the following achievements in basic survey and
drawing and in specialized survey and drawing that are completed on land,
at seas and oceans, and in space:
(1) the data and pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey,
geodetic survey completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational
survey;
(2) the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic tapes, that are collected
from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing survey;
(3) various kinds of maps (including topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other relevant specialized maps);
(4) the data and pictures from engineering survey;
(5) other relevant geographical data; and
(6) technical data directly related to achievements in survey and drawing.
Article 3
The competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing
under the State Council shall be in charge of the administration of and
supervision over the achievements in survey and drawing of the whole
country, and shall also be responsible for the organizational work for the
reception, collection, sorting out, storage, and provision for use, on a
nationwide scale, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the
people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be in charge of
the administration of and supervision over the achievements in survey and
drawing within their respective administrative areas, and shall also be
responsible for the organizational work for the reception, collection,
sorting out, storage, and provision for use, within their respective
administrative areas, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and
the relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing.
The departments concerned under the State Council and the departments
concerned under the People's governments of various provinces, autonomous
regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be
responsible for the administration of the achievements in specialized
survey and drawing of their respective departments. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces shall be responsible for the administration of the achievements in
survey and drawing in military departments.
Article 4
With respect to achievements in survey and drawing, scientific
administration shall be practised, rules and regulations be instituted and
perfected and modern scientific and technical means be employed so as to
provide the achievements for timely, accurate, safe and convenient use.
Article 5
The achievements in survey and drawing shall, in light of their different
natures-those open to the public (i.e. to be openly used, or openly
published), and those kept from the public (i.e. to be used only within
restricted departments, or kept confidential), be administered in
accordance with the relevant regulations of the State.
Article 6
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in basic survey and drawing shall be promulgated by the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the State Council after the competent authorities for the administration
of survey and drawing under the State Council and the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces have jointly consulted with the competent authorities for guarding
secrets of both the State and the armed forces.
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in specialized survey and drawing shall be determined by the
department concerned for the administration of achievements in specialized
survey and drawing and they shall also be reported to the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing at the same level
for the record; and their classes of security shall not be lower than
those of the originally used geographical base maps and of other
achievements in basic survey and drawing.
Various departments and units must, in using classified achievements in
survey and drawing, carry out administration in accordance with the
relevant laws and regulations of the State on guarding secrets. In the
event that classified achievements in survey and drawing have to be used
openly, they must go through the process of declassification in accordance
with the relevant regulations of the State.
The destruction of classified achievements in survey and drawing shall be
approved by the person in charge of the competent authorities at or above
the county level of the user unit of the said achievements in survey and
drawing. The classified achievements in survey and drawing to be destroyed
shall be duly registered and recorded, and then destroyed under
supervision; and the destruction shall also be reported, for the record,
to the administrative department that had provided the said achievements.
Article 7
With respect to the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing made by the
departments concerned under the State Council and by the local departments
concerned, the departments mentioned above must submit annually, in
accordance with pertinent provisions, to the competent authorities for the
administration of survey and drawing under the State Council or to the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, a catalogue or its
duplicate listing the following achievements:
(1) a catalogue and its duplicate (one copy of each) of the data and
pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey, geodetic survey
completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational survey;
(2) a catalogue (one copy) of the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic
tapes, that are collected from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing
survey;
(3) a catalogue (one copy) of topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other important specialized maps;
(4) various kinds of officially printed maps (in duplicate);
(5) a catalogue (one copy) of the data and pictures collected from survey
of important engineering projects.
Article 8
The achievements - made in survey and drawing by foreigners independently
or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic
of China, within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or
outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas that are under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China, with the approval of the
government of the People's Republic of China or the approval of a
department authorized by it - shall be administered in accordance with
these Provisions. The proprietary rights of the aforesaid achievements
are stipulated as follows:
(1) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners
independently or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the
People's Republic of China within the territory of the People's Republic
of China shall all belong to the People's Republic of China;
(2) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners in
cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic of
China, outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China shall, on the premise of
not violating these Provisions, be shared between the two parties
concerned in accordance with the stipulations in the relevant contract;
(3) with respect to those achievements made in survey and drawing by
foreigners independently outside the land territory of the People's
Republic of China, in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's
Republic of China, the aforesaid foreigners must provide the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing of the People's
Republic of China with a duplicate or a reproduction of all the
achievements made in their survey and drawing.
Article 9
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in basic
survey and drawing made by other provinces, autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the said unit shall
go through the procedures for the use of the aforesaid achievements in
survey and drawing by presenting an official letter written by the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under
the Central Government where the unit is located, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the
Central Government where the achievements have been made.
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
specialized survey and drawing of other provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the case shall be
handled in accordance with the procedures stipulated by the department,
under whose administration the aforesaid achievements in specialized
survey and drawing are placed.
Article 10
Where a military department has the necessity to make use of the
achievements in survey and drawing made by government departments, the
case shall be handled in a unified manner by the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the
Headquarters of the General Staff, or by the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under military region
or the services, in cooperation with the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the people's
governments of the various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government. Where a government
department or a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
survey and drawing made by military departments, the case shall be handled
by the competent authorities for the administration of achievements in
survey and drawing under the State Council, or by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's governments of the various provinces, autonomous
regions, or municipalities directly under Central Government, in
cooperation with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under the Headquarters of the General
Staff, or with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under military region or the services.
Article 11
The competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey
and drawing shall be responsible for the quality control and
administration of the achievements in survey and drawing made within the
boundaries of their own administrative areas. The achievements in survey
and drawing made by the various departments and units concerned must be
subject to the procedures for checking up and acceptance; and only those
which are up to the standard shall be provided for use.
Article 12
The provisions of achievements in survey and drawing shall be non-
gratuitous. The procedures and the rate of fees for the non-gratuitous
provision of achievements in survey and drawing shall be stipulated
separately, after consultation with the administrative department for the
achievements in survey and drawing in question, by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the State Council in conjunction with the competent authorities for
the administration of commodity prices.
Article 13
Achievements in survey and drawing shall not be duplicated, transferred or
lent out without permission. Where it is truly necessary to duplicate,
transfer or lend out achievements in survey and drawing, the approval from
the department that is to provide the needed achievements in survey and
drawing must be obtained; where the classified achievements in survey and
drawing are duplicated, they must be subjected to the administration
corresponding to the original security class.
As regards achievements in survey and drawing made through entrustment by
unit, the trustee unit may not duplicate, reprint, transfer, or publish
the said achievements without the permission of the entrusting unit.
Article 14
When a department concerned under the State Council provides a foreign
party with achievements in survey and drawing of the People's Republic of
China that have not yet become open, the said department must submit the
case, for approval, to the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing. When a local department or unit
concerned provides a foreign party with achievements in survey and drawing
of the People's Republic of China that have not yet become open, the said
department or unit must submit the case, for approval, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's government of a province, an autonomous region, or a
municipality directly under the Central Government. In order to safeguard
the security and secrets of important military installations, the specific
measures for all units which submit for examinations any achievements in
survey and drawing to be provided for the use of a foreign party and that
have not yet become open shall comply with the pertinent provisions of the
State Council.
Article 15
The important geographical data (including position, altitude, depth,
area, and length) collected in the territory of the People's Republic of
China and in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic
of China, shall be submitted, for examination and verification, to the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing under the State Council, and then to the State Council for
approval before they are published by the State Council or by its
authorized agencies.
Article 16
Units and individuals that have made great contributions to, or achieved
remarkable results in, the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing shall be commended or rewarded.
Article 17
If the inferior quality of the achievements in survey and drawing has
resulted in losses on the part of the user, the unit that has undertaken
the said survey and drawing shall compensate for the direct economic
losses mentioned above, and be responsible for conducting supplementary
survey and drawing; if the case is serious, the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall impose a
fine on the said unit or revoke its corresponding qualifications for
survey and drawing.
Article 18
Any unit that has committed one of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanctions in accordance with the following provisions:
(1) with respect to a unit which, in violation of the state provisions on
the rate of fees for the provision of achievements in survey and drawing,
has raised and collected without authorization the charges for
achievements in survey and drawing, the illegal gains of the said unit
shall be confiscated in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations
of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Prices, and a fine
equal to 3 to 5 times the said illegal gains may be imposed concurrently;
(2) with respect to a unit which has been held responsible for a major
divulgence of classified achievements in survey and drawing, the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
shall issue a circular criticizing the said unit, and the responsibilities
of the person-in-charge of the said unit shall be investigated in
accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of these Provisions;
(3) with respect to a unit which has duplicated, transferred, or lent out
achievements in survey and drawing without the approval from the
department that provides the said achievements, the competent authorities
for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall issue a
circular criticizing the said unit, and a fine may also be imposed
concurrently.
Article 19
An individual who has committed any of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanction by the unit where he/she works, or by its higher
competent authorities; if the act has constituted a crime, the criminal
responsibilities of the offender shall be investigated by judicial organs
according to law:
(1) an individual who has lost classified achievements in survey and
drawing, or who is held responsible for the divulgence of secret
achievements in survey and drawing;
(2) an individual who, in violation of the stipulation in Article 14 of
these Provisions regarding the procedures for examination and approval,
has provided without permission a foreign party with achievements in
survey and drawing that have not yet become open;
(3) the administrative personnel who have failed to carry out their duties
in safeguarding achievements in survey and drawing and caused great losses
or damage to the achievements in survey and drawing; or they have
provided, without permission, those achievements that have not yet become
open;
(4) an individual who has lost achievements in survey and drawing or
divulged secrets in this regard and caused serious consequences, and the
person-in-charge of the unit who fails to investigate and deal with such
incidents.
Article 20
If a party concerned refuses to accept the decision on administrative
sanction, he/she may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of
the notification on the administrative sanction, apply for reconsideration
to the competent administrative department at a higher level than the
department that has made the said administrative sanction; if the said
party does not accept the decision made after the reconsideration, he/she
may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of the
reconsideration decision, bring a suit before a people's court; the party
concerned may also directly bring a suit before a people's court within 15
days beginning from the second day of the receipt of the sanction
decision; if the party concerned neither brings a suit before the court,
nor carries out the sanction decision, the competent administrative
department that made the sanction decision shall apply to the people's
court for compulsory enforcement.
Article 21
The people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the departments
concerned under the State Council, and the armed forces may formulate
rules for the implementation of these Provisions in accordance with these
Provisions and in the light of their respective conditions.
Article 22
The rights to interpret these Provisions shall reside in the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the State
Council.
Article 23
These Provisions shall go into effect on May 1, 1989.